Since there is commonly some confusion about the citation style and bibliographic style for the papers in a Medieval Studies class, here are some rules:
1) You must indicate the source of all your ideas. For example, you might read the following in John of Salisbury:
For the diligent reader of the law is a pupil, not a master; he does not twist the law captive to his own inclination, but accommodates his inclinations to its intention and purity. But what does such a pupil learn? Above all, to fear the Lord his God.If your paper is dated after the 1150's, you can quote John:
As John of Salisbury has written, ``The diligent reader of the law is a pupil,'' (Salisbury, p. 197) and so should anyone who studies both human and divine law do so with humility.If the paper comes before 1150, you can still use the idea, but you cannot quote it (it hasn't been written yet):
It is common wisdom that we study the law, we do not master it (Salisbury, p. 197), and so we should approach the law with humility.
2) You may use any modern authority, but you cannot quote it. You might have found the following in Gorden Leff's Paris and Oxford Universities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:
The first, The Errors of the Philosophers, written between 1270 and 1274, dealt with the doctrines of Aristotle, Averroes, Avicenna, Algazel, Alkindi, and Maimonides where they contradicted faith.You want to use this, but you have to put it into medieval perspective:
This Giles of Rome, in his recent The Errors of the Philosophers, seeks to attack the great Aristotle, and wise Saracens and Jews (Leff, p. 228).
3) Make sure the citation and the bibliographic reference coincide. For example, you might have this in your text:
The cotters of our village all pay to the abbot two shillings (The Manor of Alwalton, p. 83), and we justly deserve our tenure. . . .
In the bibliography, you would have:
The Manor of Alwalton. In Julius Kirshner and Karl Morrison. Medieval Europe (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1986). 82-84.
4) For the Bible, cite it in this way:
. . . we Christians are said to glorify our God (Psalm 104:1) . . .
or
. . . our writer Paul says we must sacrifice ourselves (Romans 12:1) . . .
It should be alphabetized under "B" (unlike other books, the Bible is not normally italicized):
The Holy Bible. Trans. Ronald Knox (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1956).
5) Articles in the Dictionary of the Middle Ages should be cited by article author in the text:
. . . I have not be trained in your Roman rhetoric, but I know its value (Murphy, 351) . . .
In the Bibliography, this would be:
Murphy, James. "Rhetoric, Western European." In The Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Ed J. Strayer (New York: Scribner's, 1988- ). 10, 351-364.
The author's name can be found at the end of the article.
6) Web references: give the title of the page and the uniform resource locator--the web address:
Marsilius Home Page: http://www.ucdavis.edu/Marsilius.html
If an author is given, cite him in the text; otherwise, give the title:
. . . I'm now thinking of becoming an Accountant (Marsilius Home Page) . . .
Clearly you won't be able to give a page reference, but if some ordering system is being used, include that.
7) Office hours. If you found out something in office hours, please note that:
. . . I, Henry, Emperor of the Romans, know that his Holiness has erred (Office Hours), and
In the Bibliography, give the name of the person you talked with, and the date this occurred:
Office Hours, with Ariela Berstein, Wednesday, 1/22/03.
Other Office Hours can be marked in differentiating ways.
8) Lecture. If you heard something that you would like to use in class lecture, note that as well:
. . . the Church requires reform from evil practices (Lecture). For that . . .
In the Bibliography, if there is only one lecture, simply give the date:
Lecture. 1/27/03.
Other Lectures can be marked as 1, 2, 3.
9) Email citations. If a subject is given, and the author is known, place it alphabetically under the author's name:
the French were not particulary vicious (Gardiner, 2/22), nor were they particularly sarcastic (Gardiner, 2/22)This can be entered as:
Gardiner, Francis. Subject: Boniface VIII. February 20, 2001._______. Subject: Re: Boniface VIII. February 22, 2001.
If no subject is given, you may simply list that:
Gardiner, Francis. Email message mst020b. February 21, 2001.
9) Only include material that you actually used in your paper; this is not a list of research books.