| Islam | Byzantine Empire | Western Europe | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1009 Jerusalem Taken by Fatamid Hakim, Jews and Christians persecuted |
1002 Venice aids Byzantium in defending Bari against Arabs | 1002 Death of German Emperor Otto III | |
| 1055-1058 Seljuk Turks Occupy Baghdad, control Caliph |
1054 Death of Rus Jaroslav the Wise 1054 Split between the Byzantine and Latin Churches |
1049 Leo IX, reform pope | |
| 1059 Pope makes Normans his vassals | 1059 Decree regulating papal elections | ||
| 1071 Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Manzikert | 1071 Catastrophic Byzantine double defeat: Bari and Manzikert | 1066 Normans conquer England 1074 Gregory VII's Dictatus papae |
|
| 1081 Alexis I devalues Byzantine coinage 1082 Venice secures consessions in Constantinople |
1077 Henry IV humbled at Canossa | ||
| 1085 Spanish Christians take Toledo | 1095 Alexis asks for military aid | 1095 Urban II at Synod of Piacenza receives Alexis' request | |
| 1095 Disunity in Middle East | 1095 Urban preaches First Crusade | ||
| 1095 Crusaders pass through Constantiople | 1095 Crusaders traverse Europe Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Rhineland |
||
| 1099 Jerusalem Falls to Western armies Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem esrablished |
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| 1107 Norman Duke Bohemund invades Byzantine territory | 1100 University of Bologna established 1100-1200 Champagne Fairs prosper 1100-1200 Cistercian monastic order |
||
| 1141 Peter the Venerable visits Muslim Spain;
leads to first Latin translation of the Qur'an 1144 Muslim Recapture of Edessa |
1147 Roger of Sicily attacks Thessalonika; Manuel I, emperor |
1142 Death of Abelard 1147 Bernard preaches Second Crusade |
|
| 1169-1193 Reign of Saladin | 1167-1196 Stephen Nemanya, founder of Serb state | 1158 Diet of Roncaglia: Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard Cities Notre Dame Cathedral begun |
|
| 1171 Saladin defeats Fatimids in Egypt | 1176 Turks defeat Byzantines at Myriocephalon | 1174 Battle of Legnano: Frederick Barbarossa Defeated | |
| 1176 Massacre of Latins at Constantinople | 1180-1223 Philip II of France | ||
| 1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem Death of Gerald of Cremona (Toledo) translator of Ptolemy and Avicenna |
1187 Preparation for Third Crusade | ||
| 1198 Death of Averroës 1204 Death of Moses Maimonides |
1204 Crusaders seize Constantiople Latin Empire established |
1200-1300 Italian gold coins Guild system flourishes 1204 Fourth Crusade takes Constantinople 1208-1223 Albigensian Crusade |
|
| 1212 Las Navas de Tolosa: Castilian Victory over Muslims | 1214 Battle of Bouvines 1215 Fourth Lateran Council Magna Carta signed |
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| 1258 Mongols take Baghdad, kill last caliph | 1240 Mongols burn Kiev | ||
| 1261 Michael Palaeologus restores Constantinople; Byzantium revived |
1268 Charles of Anjou takes Sicily | ||
| 1280 Ottomans penetrate Asia Minor | 1274 Council of Lyons between Greek and Latin rites | 1270 Louis IX's crusade to Tunis 1274 Council of Lyons; death of Bonaventure and Aquinas |
|
| 1291 Muslims take Acre | 1282 Sicilian Vespers 1290 Jews expelled from England |
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| 1295 Edward I and English Parliament 1297 Closing of Venetian Grand Council 1302 Boniface's Bull Unam Sanctam 1306 Jews expelled from France 1321 Death of Dante |