Chartularium universitatis Parisiensis, I, 516-18.
Let it be known that bachelors in the faculty of medicine wishing to open a course for the first time are held on oath to all the following requirements. They shall give security that they will observe the ordinances, statutes, honors and customs of the faculty which shall be indicated to them by the dean or someone acting in the dean's place or by the whole faculty. Also they shall assure the dean or his locum tenens or before the whole faculty that they have attended lectures in medicine for three years and are in their fourth year of which they have attended for five months. And if for each of the said years the bachelor has not spent nine months in the study of medicine, nevertheless the license for giving a lecture course shall be granted him provided he has diligently studied in the said science at Paris for thirty-two months, that is, hearing ordinary lectures and not counting in time of vacations. Also, they shall swear that they responded twice concerning a question in the classes of two masters, understanding thereby a formal disputation and not at a lecture, or at least once in a general disputation. Also, they shall swear that the text on which they are to lecture cursorily they have heard ordinarily. Also they shall give the four purses which are sought from a bachelor who wishes to offer a new course before all oaths are taken. Also to the bedell one purse at least. Also, they shall pledge that on each Sabbath day they will attend mass, just as masters do, so long as they are lecturing, this in penalty of twopence.
This is the form of licenciating bachelors in medicine. First the master in charge of the bachelor should testify to the chancellor in the presence of masters summoned for this purpose as to the fitness of the bachelor to be licensed. The duration of his attendance he ought to prove by two witnesses at least, and the length of time that he should have attended lectures is five years and a half, if he taught or was a licentiate in arts, or six if he was not. The form as to texts heard is that he should have heard twice in ordinary lectures the art of medicine 1 and once cursorily except the Urines of Theophilus, which it is enough to have heard once ordinarily or cursorily; the Viaticum [2] twice in ordinary lectures, the other books of Isaac once in ordinary, twice cursorily, except the Particular Diets which it is sufficient to have heard cursorily or ordinarily; the Antidotarium Nicholai [3] once. The Verses of Egidius [4] are not on the form. Also he should have read one book of theory and another of practice. And to this he should swear; if, moreover, anyone is convicted of perJury or lying he can be refused the licentiate.
Let it be known that bachelors in medicine who wish to incept are held on oath to the following requirements. For they shall give faith t at they will keep the ordinance as to the mass made by the masters teaching in the faculty of medicine and will ever observe the same while they are teachers. Also, they shall give faith that they have heard no bachelor in the faculty of medicine for the sake of examination except m their own classes or in the classes of others in which masters are gathered because some bachelor is incepting. Also, before oaths four purses shall be sought from them, and before they incept they must give the servant at least twenty solidi Parisian. Also they must swear that they will observe the customs and statutes of the faculty.
No master should give cursory lectures in the morning. No one should lecture on a general feast day, neither master nor bachelor. Also, no one should lecture cursorily from All Saints to Lent on a day for disputations. Also, they should not dispute on the eve of a solemn feast. Also, according as masters incept, so it is ordered. Also no one should engage in disputation on the first day of lectures.
[1] As to the works comprised by this phrase see Haskins, Studies in Medieval Science, p. 369, n. 63.
[2] Translated into Latin by Constantnus Africanus in the eleventh century.
[3] A standard text, by an author as yet unidentified.
[4] That is, Gilles de Corbeil, who wrote a work on urines in verse.
Chartularium universitatis Parisiensis, I, 488-90.
In the same year, namely I271, when master J. de Racheroles was dean of the medical faculty, the masters of the said faculty ordained and made a statute against those practicing in or about Paris of the following tenor.
In the name of God, Amen. Since some not yet advanced m the art of medicine and quite ignorant of the causes of medical procedure by shameful and brazen usurpation assume to themselves at Pans the office of practice, administering, without consulting skilled persons, to all comers and rashly any medicines whatever even violent ones, ignoring utterly what should be used as a base, what as a bridle, what as a spur in such medicines, which out of their own heads they wretchedly administer to simple men and so by their treatments, made not according to art but rather by chance and fortune, have criminally handed over many to the suffering of death, which is at the penl of their souls, and especially since they indubitably incur in this the sentence of excommunication launched by authority of the Offical in Paris, as manifestly appears from the letter of the said Official, which also is no small peril to all residents of Paris and further tends to the disgrace and grave infamy of all skilled in medicine: therefore, we doctors teaching in the medical faculty at Paris at the devout and pious supplications of many, namely, the religious, clergy, scholars, likewise many citizens of Paris, wishing to check so many errors, penls and scandals, confirm a statute of ours made long since, supported by the said letters of the Official and also by royal ones, strengthened and confirmed too in the name of the faculty by our oaths, in this wise, prohibiting namely under the penalty contained in the said letters of the Official of Paris and of the king, likewise under every penalty allowed us by both laws, secular and ecclesiastical, that no Jew or Jewess presume to operate surgically or medicinally on any person of catholic faith.
Also, since certain manual operators make or possess some confections but totally ignore their cause and reason, nay do not even know how to administer them and the relation which medicines have to disease, especially in all particular respects, since those matters are reserved exclusively to the industry of the skilled physician, yet these manual artisans thrusting their sickle into alien crops participate, as we are assured by dependable testimony, in certain cases rashly and to public scandal, in this likewise incurring sentence of perjuries and excommunication: therefore we strictly prohibit that any male or female surgeon, apothecary or herbalist, by their oaths presume to exceed the limits or bounds of their craft secretly or publicly or in any way whatsoever, so that the surgeon engage only in manual practice and as pertains to it, the apothecary or herbalist only in mixing drugs which are to be administered only by masters in medicine or by their license. And lest any mistake be made, we ordain that the apothecary or herbalist by our dean or seal certify the decree of the faculty inthese matters and other questions if any come up, excluding however from the said statute those who do not practice at Paris or in the vicinity nor even rent a house, who shall be believed on their oath. Also none of the aforesaid shall visit any sick person to administer to him any alterative medicine or laxative or anything else that pertains to a physician, nor advise it to be administered or procure it, except through a master in medicine as above specified. And this we enjoin on them on their oath and under the aforesaid penalty in the way above stated, also under privation of our prescriptions of every kind. Under the same penalties we also command that none of them presume to administer any of the said medicines to healthy men without the presence of a master, except those which are wont to be sold commonly, of which sort are sugar of rose, dragia communis, rose water and the like, excluding them from every way and method of treatment in which medical skill is called for.
And since there are some who simultaneously seek knowledge and the mode of knowing, which is very inconvenient, since their error, not small even in the beginning, is very great in the end, therefore under the said penalties and specially under privation of any promotion held or to be held in the faculty of medicine we strictly forbid scholars each and all, that any one of them to a well or sick person administer any drug comforting, alterative or even laxative without the presence of some master in medicine, or even visit, except once, unless there is with him some master to direct him and show the way to work. And if anyone shall know of anyone operating contrary to the said statute, he shall secretly reveal it on oath to our dean or at least to some master who is teaching, and he to whom the information is given shall shield the informer.
Chartularium universitatis Parisiensis, II, 271.
Because books are singularly opportune for the progress of students, we will and ordain that books in chains or in the common chest for use may not be pledged, sold, loaned or otherwise alienated by the priors or their vicars or the convent. But if they do otherwise, they shall be compelled by the provincial priors to make good the value of the book or books from their own goods for the common chest.
Also, since the art called alchemy has been strictly prohibited in many general chapters under heavy penalties, and still in various parts of the order perilous scandals have arisen from this, the master of the order commands in the virtue of the Holy Spirit by the council of the definers and assent of the brothers generally, under penalty of excommunication, that no one shall study or take lessons, operate or have operated in the said art, and, if he has any writings concerning it, shall not keep them but within the space of eight days from the present notice destroy and burn them. Against those practicing it still the master of the order publicly issued sentence of excommunication in chapter in writing, and those against whom it is proved he will henceforth adjudge to imprisonment. And if any know of those practicing the art and do not report it to their prelates, they will be subject to heavy penalty for their fault. .
Malagola, Statuti, rubric 48, p. 257.Also, since it is disgraceful and improper that doctors of grammar be in the college of physicians and come to examine those who are to be promoted in medicine, they have decreed that the rector, together with a Wise Man and syndic of the university and councillors and doctors giving instruction, should go to the lord of the city or to him to whom this matter belongs and beg that special provision be made that no one who is not an M.D. may attend the examination of any candidate for promotion in medicine or vote at any ballot on any candidate in medi cine. Also, that no one who is not regularly enrolled in the science in which anyone is up for promotion may be of the college of doctors examining in that subject, since no one can be a true judge of matters of which he is ignorant. Under penalty of one hundred solidi Bolognese to the rector, if he does not go within a month after publication of the statutes to obtain the aforesaid. But if it shall be otherwise, they have now decreed that no scholar up for promotion shall dare to pay any master who is of some college any amount of money for public or private examination against the said form under the said penalty.
Malagola, Statuti, rubric 68, pp. 274-76.
First Year
Ordinary
Avicenna, Canon, Bk. I except the Anatomy and chapters on the seasons of the second fen, and only these chapters of the third fen: The Necessity of Death, Diseases of Infants, What to Eat and Drink, As to Water and Wine, Sleep and Waking On Differences of Fevers of a Bad State of Health Of Simple Medicine, except Bk. VI Critical Days, Bk. I
Canon, Bk. IV, fen 2, and Bk. II De interioribus, except Bk. II Regimen of Health Critical Days, Bk. II Aphorisms of Hippocrates except the seventh Particula
Tegni of Galen Prognostics of Hippocrates, without commentary Hippocrates On Acute Diseases, without commentary and omitting Bk IV Avicenna, De viribus cordis, in part On Accident and Disease On the Crisis Critical Days, Bk. III Fevers to Glauco, Tract. I De tabe On the Utility of Breathing
Avicenna, Canon (portions noted as in other column under First Year) On Differences of Fevers Of a Bad State of Health Canon, Bk. IV, fen 2 On Simple Medicine, except Bk. VI Critical Days, Bk. I
Aphorisms, except Particula VII Therapeutic, Bks, VII-XIII Averroes, Colliget, in part Simple Medicines, in part On Natural Virtues, in part Critical Days, Bk. II
Tegni of Galen Prognostics of Hippocrates, without commentary On Acute Diseases, without commentary and omitting Bk. IV De viribus cordis, in part On Accident and Disease On the Crisis Critical Days, Bk. III Fevers to Glauco, Tract. I On States of Health
Avicenna, Canon, as under First Year Canon, Bk. IV, fen 1 and Bk. II De interioribus, except Bk. II Regimen of Health, Bk. VI Hippocrates On Nature
Aphorisms, except Particula VII Therapeutic, Bks. VII-XIII Colliget, in part On Natural virtues, in part[Most of the foregoing medical texts are by Galen.]
Algorismus on fractions and integers Euclid, Geometry, Bk. I, with commentary of Campanus Alfonsine Tables, with Canons Theory of the Planets
Sphere of Sacrobosco Euclid, Bk. II John de Lineriis, Canons on the Tables Messahala on the astrolabe
Alcabitius, Introduction to Astrology Centiloquium of Ptolemy with commentary of Haly Euclid, Bk. III Treatise on the Quadrant
Ptolemy, Quadrtpartitus, entire (William of England), On Urine Unseen Ptolemy, AImagest, Dictio tertia
Further, they decreed, ordained, and established that the doctor
chosen or to be chosen by the said university at a salary to lecture in
astrology, be required to give judgments free to the scholars of the
said university within a month after they were asked for, and also in
particular to leave a judgment for the year in writing at the office of
the bedells general, and also be required to lecture according to
points, but only on feast days and in vacation, under penalty for
each offense in each of the said cases of twenty solidi Bolognese.
Further, that the doctor elected to a salary in astrology be required
and ought each year to dispute two questions in astrology and to
determine them within eight days of the day of the said disputation,
and that he also be required to dispute de quolsbet at least once in
astrology and to determine the said quolibet, as above, and to submit
the said questions and said quolibet in writing at the office in a clear
hand and on good sheets of membrane, not used before and in the
larger size ( ? ) within a fortnight after the determination. And the
said questions shall be kept in the office so that there may be
enough copies of them.
Since the performance of dissection regards and pertains to the
industry and advantage of scholars, and quarrels and rumors have
often been customary in finding or searching for bodies from which
or of which dissection should be made, they decreed and ordained
that any doctor or scholar or anyone else shall not dare or presume
to acquire for himself any dead body for such purpose of dissection,
unless he has first obtained permission from the rector then in office.
The rector, moreover, is held and required in giving permission to
doctors and scholars to observe quality and order, when the said
license is requested. Also, that not more than twenty persons may
attend the dissection of a male; and not over thirty, the dissection of
the corpse of a woman. And that no one may attend a dissection
unless he has been a student of medicine for two whole years and is
in his third year, even if he has attended classes at a forbidden time.
And he who has once seen a dissection of a man cannot attend
another the same year. He who has attended twice cannot attend
again in Bologna except the dissection of a woman, which he may
see once and no more, whether he has seen a man dissected or not.
Moreover, the said twenty or thirty who may attend and see a
dissection are chosen and selected in the following manner; namely,
in the anatomy of a man five from the nation of Lombards, four
from the nation of Tuscans, four from the nation of Romans, three
from the nation of Ultramontanes, and three of Bologna. And for
the dissection of a woman there should be chosen eight from the
nation of Lombards, seven from the nation of Tuscans, seven from
the nation of Romans, five from the nation of Ultramontanes, and
three of Bologna, except that the rector with one companion may
attend any dissection, although that makes more than the aforesaid
number and notwithstanding the rule that he who has seen a
dissection once in a given year may not attend again that year.
Moreover, it shall be in the choice of him who has the license from
the rector to invite whom he will, so long as the terms of this statute
are observed.
Also, that no one shall dare to request a dissection from the rector
at the time of his election in S. Francesco under pain of five pounds
Bolognese. And that the rector immediately after accepting office
should have published through the schools to whom he has granted
license for dissection, so that it may be known to all, with a penalty
for the rector for failing to observe this and for not enforcing it of
ten pounds Bolognese, and to each scholar who violates and offends
against the aforesaid or any one of them, of one hundred solidi
Bolognese.
Also, that any doctor who has been requested by scholars must
hold a dissection in the way and form aforesaid, notwithstanding that
he has done so already that year, and he shall have for his stipend
one hundred solidi Bolognese. The said expenses and any others
which may be incurred incidentally shall be divided equally among
the scholars who were to attend, so, however, that for a dissection of a
man not more than sixteen pounds Bolognese be spent and for that
of a woman not over twenty, with the penalty to any doctor of one
hundred solidi Bolognese. So, however, that the one who has so
sworn and has made the expenditures, together with one associate
whom he shall name, shall be wholly freed from the said expenses.
And that the rector, before the dissection has begun, shall have
summoned before him the scholar to whom he gave permission for
the dissection, and shall require him to take oath that he will make
the expenditures in good faith and without fraud and that he will lay
them before the scholars witnessing the dissection, under penalty for
the rector then holding office of ten pounds Bolognese.
Further, they decreed that the doctors lecturing on surgery ought to
lecture in the following way: namely, that every year, when the uni
versity opened, they begin in the first course of lectures to read the
Surgery of Bruno and, after finishing it, lecture on the Surgery of
Galen. For the second course, lecture first on the Surgery of
Avicenna
and after it the seventh book of Almansor. Moreover, each doctor giving
ordinary lectures in surgery should lecture in the afternoon at
the nineteenth hour.
Further, they decreed that points in surgery should be determined
by another of the doctors lecturing in surgery, namely, so many
points as are assigned in other sciences.[1] And that each doctor giving
lectures observe the points assigned and complete and cover them as
assigned under penalty of twenty solidi Bolognese for each offense.
Also, each doctor lecturing in surgery is held to dispute two
questions in surgery, and even more, just as the doctors lecturing in
medicine are held to do; and also he is held to give them in final
form in good writing and on good paper to the office of the general
bedells to be preserved there permanently and guarded and kept by
the bedells. He ought to hold these disputations in the afternoon,
unless some feast day occurs during the week on which he might
dispute in the morning, provided a lecturer in medicine was not
disputing then. Moreover, he is required to dispute only in surgery
and in surgical terms, under pain contained in the statutes. Further,
that no one shall presume to assist in any academic function, while
the doctors of surgery are disputing, and that the rector and doctors
lecturing in medicine shall be required to attend their disputations
the same as others, and to be there from start to finish, and to take
part in the arguing just as at other disputations, under pain of twenty
solidi for each offender. Likewise, that each doctor lecturing in
surgery shall be required to furfill all the requirements of other
doctors in other sciences. Moreover, they shall have for their labor
and salary twenty solidi Bolognese from everyone attending their
lectures in that subject, under penalty for each of the said doctors
who offends in the aforesaid matters or any one of them of five
pounds Bolognese in each of the said cases and for each offense.
[1] As this passage shows, a point (punctum) was a division of the text announced
at the beginning of the course by the lecturer, or what he was required to cover
within a certain time.
THAT THE DOCTOR ELECTED TO A SALARY IN
ASTROLOGY SHOULD GIVE JUDGMENTS GRATIS
AND ALSO IS REQUIRED TO DISPUTE
Malagola, Statuti, rubric 60, p. 064.
Malagola, Statuti, rubric 96, pp. 289-90.
Malagola, Statuti, rubric 35, pp. 247-48.